STRATEGIES OF TEACHING AND INTERACTIVE TEACHING (Independent Study, Sensitivity Training, Recapitulation, Drill Work, Review, Assignment, Inductive and Deductive Strategy and Modular Approach)

ASSIGNMENT

ON

STRATEGIES OF TEACHING AND INTERACTIVE TEACHING

(Independent Study, Sensitivity Training, Recapitulation, Drill Work, Review, Assignment, Inductive and Deductive Strategy and Modular Approach)

              SUBMITTED TO,

              DR. K CHELLMANI

              SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

              PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

                                                                                                

                                                                                                    SUBMITTED BY

                                                                                                            SUJATA ROY (M.Ed)

                                                                                                             SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

                                                                                                             PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

CONTENTS

                                

·        Introduction

·        Meaning of teaching strategy

·        Types of teaching strategy

·        Independent study

·        Assignment

·        Drill strategy of teaching

·        Recapitulation strategy of teaching

·        Sensitivity training

·        Inductive and deductive strategy of teaching

·        Modular approach

·        Advantages and disadvantages

·        Conclusion

·        References

               

                        

                    

                    

         

STRATEGIES OF TEACHING AND INTERACTIVE TEACHING

INTRODUCTION

                    The main focus of teaching is to bring about a desirable change in the behavior of learning. It is brought about by the teacher using teaching strategies achieve the objectives. But we have been using teaching method for content presentation. For making teaching effectiveness audio-visual aids are also used.

                    The teaching is much more difficult task. It requires different types of methods and techniques depend upon the nature of task, learning objectives, learner abilities and students entering behaviors.

                     In order to bring desirable change in the behavior of the learner teacher has to employ the device: teaching strategies.

Meaning of Teaching Strategy

                      Teaching strategy is the means to achieve learning objectives. Teaching strategy involves two aspects:

§  A generalized plan for the presentation of a lesson &

§  Desired learner behavior in terms of goal of instruction.

                  Teaching strategy seeks to establish the relationship between teaching learning in view of achieving the objectives.

                          Teaching strategy includes different method of instruction like: independent study, sensitivity training, recapitulation, drill work, review, assignment, inductive and deductive strategy.

A.   LEARNER CONTROLLED TEACHING STRATEGIES

1. INDEPENDENT STUDY

Independent study which is more usually called ‘project work’. It helps in developing student’s initiative, responsibility and understanding for what they study. This strategy is more useful for the training among learners.

Objectives: The affective and cognitive objectives are achieved by this teaching strategy.

Structure: Independent work or reading is organized in small group, but such takes place in the absence of the teacher and in view of certain regularly scheduled meeting. The programme is defined precisely in terms of objectives and criterion test. It is part of regular teaching & is organized for superior students.

Principle: Independent study is based upon the following principles:

1)      Freedom for work & reading

2)      Self-study

3)      Principle of individual difference &

4)      Principle of involvement in task.

Advantages:

·         It encourages the student’s participation.

·         It involves independent thinking among students.

·         It develops social and cognitive abilities.

·         It creates the situation for the learner to work according to their own abilities.

·         Teacher provides individual guidance to the students.

Disadvantage:

·         It is not applicable for all level.

·         Time consuming

·         Not suitable for slow learner or lower achiever.

2. REVIEW STRATEGY OF TEACHING

                          It is more permissive style of teaching strategy. It develops the ability of critical thinking among pupils. The pupil remains more active in this teaching strategy & the teacher provides guidance for reviewing the books and reference books after introducing the topic to them. Every pupil is assign to review and independent topic. Some time one topics is assign to a group of students. In this pupil has to perform such library work. In review strategy, pupils are very critical about knowledge of topic gathered from various sources.

                 This strategy requires self motivation & involvement in the subject-matter. The pupil should have the patience in searching the topic from available literatures & should have the feeling of co-operation to help other I this regards.

Objectives: To develop higher order of cognitive ability.

Structure: It involves mainly four steps:

·         A topic, problem or area is selected to review critically.

·         Selection of list of relevant literature.

·         After that, pupil has to go through the available materials to collect relevant information.

·         On the basis of that literature, the pupil prepares a review of the topic of idea or problem assigned to him/her.

Advantages: It has following advantages:

·         It develops the analysis & synthesis abilities among the pupils.

·         It is very useful for the teaching of higher classes.

·         It develops the habits of library work & using the reference books.

·         This strategy is very useful for researchers in reviewing the related studies.

·         It provides an opportunity to self-study & freedom for critical thinking.

·         It is useful preparing easy, competition, discussion, debates, internal assessment & term proper.

Disadvantages

·         It cannot be used in primary and secondary level.

·         Most of the teacher depends upon their teacher’s guidance rather than their own thinking.

·         It is very time consuming teaching strategy.

·         It is not applicable for all students, the duller and poor can’t make use of it.

·         The major demerit is that pupils collect the material but they are unable to produce it in a critical review from and reproduce it as it is.

                   These two teaching strategies are learner controlled strategies because these strategies are used in the absence of teacher & the teaching-learning situation is controlled by learner AND ITS CALLED LEARNER CONTROLLED INSTRUCTION. Here teacher play secondary role.

B.   INTERACTIVE TEACHING STRATEGY

                 The participation of the teacher & students is equally important in this type strategy. This type of instruction strategies are used in democratic form of government. As Edmuned Amidon has clearly defined teaching in view of democratic behavior:

“Teaching is an interactive process primarily involving classroom talk which takes place between teacher & pupil & occurs during definable activities.”

 So assignment is an example of interactive teaching strategy.

1.      ASSIGNMENT STRATEGY

                   Assignments & home work are the supporting devices of teaching. It provides the opportunity for doing some things. It is self-study techniques of teaching. In teacher-controlled instruction, teacher remains more active, the learner are passive learners. At the end of teaching some assignments are given to the students to do & complete their own. Thus, the students have to assimilate the content through self-study. Home work & assignment techniques is the stage of assimilation or learn according to his own.

Characteristics of Assignment Technique:

1)      It is a follow-up technique of teacher controlled instruction.

2)      It is self-study technique i.e. learner-controlled instruction.

3)      It is the stage of assimilation of content i.e. to understand the content according to their own.

4)      This technique is based on learning by doing.

Objectives Of Assignment

                 The cognitive objectives can be best realized by this technique. The lower psychomotor objectives can also be achieved.

Principles Of Assignment

                  It is based on the following learning principles:

1)      Principles of exercise.

2)      Principle of interest.

3)      Principle of learning by doing.

4)      Principle of individual differences.

5)      Principles of assimilation and

6)      Principle of self-pacing.

             Types Of Assignments:  There are two types:

1.      Class assignments: In class assignment, the students are asked to find out the answers of the questions given in the class, or they have to perform some experiments. Generally, these questions are based on the lesson taught.

   

2. Home Assignment: these assignments mean writing answers to questions given by the teacher. The teacher gives topics and the list of reference. The assignment is returned to the teacher for correction or evaluation in written form.

              Advantages:

·         It develops the reading and study habits.

·         It considers the individual variations of the students.

·         The right type of attitude towards study is developed by this technique. The students can realize the value of classroom presentation.

·         The student learns through his own experiences and speed.

              Disadvantages:

·          Student may copy from other.

      C. TEACHER DIRECTED-STRATEGIES

                In these methods, the teacher selects, organizes and presents subject matter to students.

       Drill method is one of example of teacher-directed method.

1.      DRILL METHOD               

               It is one of the direct forms of reinforcing learning. In this method, the essential part on particular topic is reaped so that it gets firmly set in the minds of the students. The repetition is done intelligently till it becomes automatic & can be done with a minimum of attention the method depends too much upon memorization and practice.

Forms of Drill: It can take three forms:

1.      Preparatory drill: It deals with material that is new to students. It is used for preparing students for future learning needs.

2.      Review drill: It is similar to preparatory drill but the material to be covered in this form is not new. This form of drill has its focus on reinforcement, clarification and consolidation of previous learning. It can also be used for checking progress of students & effectiveness of teaching of the teacher.

3.      Remedial drill: It is the last stage of drill method where the teacher focuses on correction. Its main emphasis on accuracy and quality.

Purposes of Drill-Method:

                  Drill method can be used for the following purposes:

The teacher should-

1.      Use this method when he aims at the retention of facts or skills. He can use it for memorizing elements of subjects.

2.      Use this method when information and skill are likely to begin to fade due to passage of time.

3.      Use this method when she wants to keep her students alert.

4.      Use it when she wants to form new habit among her students.

5.      Use this method to refine the skills which have been already learnt.

Advantages:

·         Practice makes man perfect.

·         Develop confidence, motivation and interest among students.

·         Learning becomes permanent.

·         It minimize the requirement of teacher.

·         It is useful to make student alert.

·         It employs psycho-motor activity.

·         It minimize the error.

             Disadvantages:

·         Time consuming

·         Sometime boring

·         Not possible to complete syllabus.

2.     RECAPITULATION STRATEGY OF TEACHING

       Recapitulation means the recap and repetition of the lesson by the teacher. The lesson is recapitulated in order to consolidate the new knowledge, taught to the pupils in their minds. Here teacher will recapitulate the lesson by giving some task and by ask some questions to the students but teacher will not re-teach the lesson.

      Advantages:

·         Revision of the lesson takes place.

·         It brings attention in the class.

·         It gives motivation.

·         Easy to understand the student limitation.

·         It helps the teacher to know in which part student could not understand or what teacher has to teach again.

·         Teacher is successful in achieving his objectives.

·         It is applicable for all level.

·         It helps to start new topic by relating their previous knowledge or recall the previous knowledge.

·         Create interest

·         Formative evaluation

      Disadvantages:

·         Difficult to complete syllabus.

3.     SENSITIVITY TRAINING

Sensitivity Training is a form of training that claims to make people more aware of their own prejudices, and more sensitive to others.

The nature of modern Sensitivity Training appears to be in some dispute. Its modern critics portray its origins and function in negative terms. Others view the approach as benignly beneficial in many of its historical and contemporary implementations.

A sensitivity training method is that method by which mutual relations of the pupils are developed and they made sensitive in respect of some problem. This method awake the sensitivity among the pupils as a result they get motivated for solving their problem and other. Here teacher guide the students. Senses are said to be gate way of knowledge. Therefore, sensory training should start from the early years of childhood. Children may be provided with various sensory experiences through a number of ways.

Stages:

1. In nursery classes there lie many ways and means- teaching aids.

2. In later stage teacher can give sensitivity training by showing some movies, videos, audio recording, lab experience etc.

3. For higher level teacher can provide guide experiences through- excursion, field trip, organized visit to the place of natural surroundings, historical place, industries, hospital, social organization etc.

Aims

·         To provide adequate training to the youngsters for  the nourishment and development of their sensitivity.

·         Provide the ability to make proper use of their sense organ and remain sensitive to their environment including both living and non-living being. And make the sensitive towards the feeling.

·         Develop sensitivity with regard to showing sympathy, empathy and fellow feeling.

Advantages:

It is suitable for giving training to small group.

·         It provides adequate training to the youngsters for the nourishment and development of their sensitivity.

·         It makes the student proper sensitive to the issues related to their society, culture, health, political system, nature etc.

·         Through this strategy behavior can analyze easily.

             Disadvantages:

·         The capable teacher may not be available.

·         It may not be practicable to assign such extra responsibilities to the subject teacher and class teacher as they already over loaded with curricular duties.

D. INDUCTIVE STRATEGY OF TEACHING:

                     The inductive teaching method or process goes from the specific to the general and may based on specific experiments or experimental learning exercises. Here the teacher first presents or takes the example from the students then comes on theory or concept.

            Example:

A)          Development of a story from a given outline is an example of inductive method because the student may develop any story from the given outline (specific) based on his/her imagination.

B)          Ask students to draw a few sets of parallel lines with two lines in each set. Let them construct and measure the corresponding and alternate angles in each case. They will find them equal in all cases. This conclusion in a good number of cases will enable them to generalize that "corresponding angles are equal; alternate angles are equal." This is a case where equality of corresponding and alternate angles in a certain sets of parallel lines (specific) helps us to generalize the conclusion. Thus this is an example of inductive method.

  Advantages:

·         It is based on theory “from example to generalization.” So it is very useful in class room teaching.

·         The method helps students to understand the difference between particular notion in grammar or different context.

·         Freedom to express.

·         Know the entry behavior of the student.

·         Get permanent ideas.

     Disadvantages:

·         This method is not useful in over crowed classroom.

·         The institute must be focusing the language aspect, not the mark criteria. In this method the teacher has to use modern method of teaching language. Only the innovative teacher can use this method.

 DEDUCTIVE STRATEGY OF TEACHING:

         Deductive teaching method progresses from general concept to the specific use or application.

                 In deductive method of teaching the teacher uses a grammar text book. He tells his rules or definition and explains those with the help of examples then he gives exercise & asks his students to apply the rules.

A)      Writing a summary of a passage known as précis writing is an example of deductive method because for the given passage (general) we always have certain key points which are included in the summary (specific).

B)       We have a formula for the solution of the linear simultaneous equations as (general). The students find the solutions of some problems like based on this formula (specific). Thus this is an example of deductive method.  

               These methods are used particularly in reasoning i.e. logic and problem solving.

Advantages:

·         Average teacher can use this method in country like India.

·         This method helps the student to compare the ideas.

·         The learner can try to learn by solving question very easily.

 Disadvantages:

·         This method can’t develop communicative ability among learner.

·         The learners become inactive during class room teaching.

·         This method is not child centered but teacher cantered.

·         In these class room teaching there is hardly use of audio visual aids.

           E. MODULAR METHOD OF TEACHING

     

Modular teaching is one of the most widespread and recognizes teaching learning techniques in United States, Australia and many other Western countries including Asian region. Modular is used in almost all subjects like natural science, especially in biology and medical education and even in social sciences as well as in computers education. All kinds of subjects are being taught through modules. It is a recent development based on programmed learning; a well established and universally recognized phenomenon. It considering the individual differences among the learners which necessitate the planning for adoption of the most appropriate teaching techniques in order to help the individual grow and develop at her/his own pace.

Definition:-

Module is a unit of work in a course of instruction that is virtually self-contained and a method of teaching that is based on the building up skills and knowledge in discrete units.

Characteristics of Module

·         It should be independent.

·         Self-contained.

·         Self instructional

·         Well defined.

·         Clearly defined objectives

·         Concern individual differences

·         Association, structure sequence of knowledge

·         Systematically organized learning opportunities.

·         Utilization of a variety of media

·         Active participation by learner.

·         Immediate reinforcement of responses

·         Mastery of evaluation strategy

·         Evaluation of the work.

 Essential Components

§  Rationale: An overview of the content of module and explanation of why the learner should study it.

§  Objectives: What is expected outcome of module? This is stated in behavioral/performance terms.

§  Entry Test: To determine if the learner has prerequisite skills needed to enter the module and check.

§  Multi Media Materials: A wide variety of media is used so learners can involve actively and utilize their senses.

§  Learning Activities: Presentation, demonstration, drill, simulation, discovery problem solving etc. may be useful. A wide variety of learning activities increase student interest and cater student needs.

§  Self-Test: This provides a chance to review and check ones own progress.

§  Post Test: To check whether the objectives attained.

 Structure of Module

·         The title

·         The Introduction.

·         The overview.

·         The instruction to the users.

·         The pre-test evaluation and feedback.

·         The objectives

·         The learning activities.

·         The formative test, evaluation and feedback

·         The summative evaluation and feedback.

             Principles Underline in Planning Learning Activities

1.      Plan learning activities on the basis of entry behavior of the learners.

2.      Base learning activities on the terminal behavior 

3.      Base learning activities on the needs of learner.

4.      Make careful gradation

5.      Provide adequate for individual differences.

6.      Provide adequate with his progress.

   Advantages:

·         Learning became more effective.

·         It establish a system of assessment other than marks or grade

·         Users study the modules in their own working environment.

·         Users can study without disturbing the normal duties and responsibilities

·         Modules can be administered to single use, small group or large group.

·         Modules are flexible so that implementation can be made by a variety of patterns.

·         It is more appropriate to mature students

·         It enables the learner to have a control over his learning and

·         Accept greater responsibility for learning.

·         It already got wider accessibility in the present educational scenario.

   Disadvantages:

·         Modules are economical in their use.

·         Appropriate only for matured students.

·         This methods demands smart classroom

        CONCLUSION

               So these are some different teaching strategies and the way of interesting teaching strategies. To make the teaching-learning more effective and interesting one should use all these strategies and these will help the learner to achieve the educational objectives and achieve their goals. When we analyzing the modular method of teaching, we can understand that this is more effective, recent and more technology based teaching method in the present educational field. In recent years, the consent of modular curriculum has been under discussion in secondary schools. Modular approach provides more flexibility to distance teaching mode as well to learners.

            REFERENCES:

§  Sharma R. A.,(2005) Educational Technology, Surya Publication, Meerut

§  Singh Y. k.,(2008) Educational Technology, A P H Publication, New Delhi

§  Viswanathappa G.(2006) Techniques and Strategies of Teaching at Secondary Level, Neelkamal Publication Pvt, Educational Publisher, New Delhi

§  David Jacobsen,(1989) Methods for Teaching -A Skills Approach, Miller Publishing Company, Colombus

§  Internet

QUESTIONS:

1.      How modular approach is different from programmed instruction?

2.      Explain review strategy and its steps.

3.      How assignment helps the student to improve their self study habit?

4.      What are the deference between inductive and deductive strategy of teaching?

5.      How review strategy is differs from recapitulation?

6.      What is independent study? Write its advantages and disadvantages.

7.      Write the importance of sensitivity training.